Modeling and Simulation of SWARA Path Loss Model for Underwater Acoustic Communication in Multipath Environment

Effective communication in underwater environments is essential for numerous applications, including marine research, oil and gas exploration, surveillance. However, signal loss during propagation a significant challenge systems. Accurate mathematical models are necessary to develop optimize systems environments. This research proposes model, SWARA, that incorporates crucial parameters such as transmitter receiver responses, channel conditions, node placements, frequency accurately model short-range losses medium. We conducted tank trials at the UWAA Lab, CARE, IIT Delhi validate our simulation results, using chirp with ranging from 25–35 kHz. Our results show SWARA effectively predicts media. Compared experimental losses, maximum minimum simulated deviated by only − 0.18–0.10 W/Hz 0.36–0.19 W/Hz, respectively, indicating accuracy of model. further revealed impact projector hydrophone placements on incurred highlighting importance careful placement design In conclusion, this studying tank, which accurate modeling. The has practical applications optimization applications. provides important insights development effective